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  • 阅读理解技巧及解题方法 - [初中论文]

    分类于:初中论文, | Tag:初中论文 阅读 技巧 方法

    徐古中学英语教师   余国春  

    根据教育部制定的英语课程标准,初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个重要方面,在中考中所占比重越来越大,这是拉开档次的题目。   

      阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下:  

      1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;  

      2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;  

      3、能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;  

      4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料;  

      5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;  

      6、除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上(上海的要求更高一些,30万词    以上)  

    从近几年武汉市中考英语试题来看,阅读理解题难度加大,细节题减少,猜词、找标题、大意、写作意图、推理判断、预测情节等方面的题比重加大。下面针对这些情况,谈谈自己的一点看法。  

    一、阅读理解的步骤  

    1、用略读的阅读方法通读全文。要了解文章的大意,文章的写作层次及脉络,作者的写作意图,找出文章、段落的key sentence。  

    2、具体做题。先根据题目及选项的要求,运用跳读的阅读方法在文章中切入题目所要考察的信息点位置,然后运用精读的阅读方法分析信息点周围的文段,并选出答案。  

    3、检查。看各题的解答结果之间是否有矛盾;看各题的解答结果与文章中的细节是否有矛盾。  

    二、阅读策略  

    1、视读(silent reading)。在阅读时,眼睛的视线要沿着文字横向地自左而右在书页中间移动的跳跃式的阅读。视线一次扫视的宽度叫视幅,视幅越宽速度越快。做到不出声读、不指着读、不心读、不心译、不回视、不逐词读、不查字典。这种阅读方法可以提高阅读速度。  

    2、略读(skimming)。略读是对阅读材料很快地浏览,只要抓住文章的主旨大意就行,不需知其细节的阅读。阅读时,只注意目录、标题、主题句、结论就行。这样就可以抓住文章的中心,对文章有一个概括的了解。  

    3、查读(scannig)。查读指带着问题去快速浏览全文。读者只是有目的地查询所需的材料,对无关的句、段一掠而过。  

    4、精读。要分析句子的结构、复合句的层次,找出句子之间的逻辑联系,短语结构,代词所指代的内容,利用上下文或构词法猜测出现的生词的意思、词性。  

    三、阅读技巧  

    1、如何找key sentence、结论句及作者的写作意图?  

    直接概括段落、文章的大意对学生的概括能力的要求较高,如果你掌握了一般人的写作套路,利用规律来找key sentence、结论句及作者的写作意图可以降低阅读的难度。人们写文章时常常先总写或提出话题,然后分写,或者先零碎的琐事、生活现象、自然现象、调查材料、科学数据、说理由,后抒发个人的情感、上升到人生哲理、得出结论、提出倡议。所以段落、文章的key sentence常常在开头或结尾,结论句及作者的写作意图常常文章的末尾。  

    例如:  

    A boy and his father were walking in the mountains. Suddenly the boy fell, hurt himself, and cried ,"AAAhhhhhh!!!" To his surprise, he heard the voice repeating,somewhere in the mountain, "AAAhhhhhh!!"Then the boy shouted. "who are you?" He received the answer. "Who are you ?"He got angry at the answer, so he shouted, "Foolish!" He received the answer."Foolish!"  

    He looked at his father and asked, "What is going on?"The father smiled and said ."My son, listen."And then he shouted to the mountain. "I love you !"The voice answered , "I love you !"Again the man cried ,"You are the best!"The voice answered, "You are the best!"  

    The boy was surprised , but did not understand. Then the father explained , "People call this 'Echo' ,but really this is life. It gives you back everything you say or do ,Our life is just a reflection of what we have done. If you want more love in the world, have more love in your heart. If you want to be successful,work hard. This can be used in everything in life. Life will give you back everything you have given to it."(文章先写回声这一自然现象,然后类比到生活现象,从而提出自己的写作意图,have more love in your heart./work hard ,我们要给予,才能有所回报)  

    2、如何找文章的层次、脉络?  

    1善于抓住总领下文的句子、总结性的句子、承上起下的句子。利用他们的暗示来寻找层次、脉络。  

    2善于抓住指示层次、脉络词、短语。如,first\second\third\fourth, at first\then\finally, another\also\besides, on one hand\on the other hand, some\others, one\the other, not only\but also等等。  

    3善于抓住文章中段落的大字标题句。  

    例如:  

    What would you do if someone approached you at your school bus stop, or during your walk to or from school. Here are some tips on how to keep yourself safe( 是总领下文的句子):  

    Turn and run   

    If anyone tries to get you near a car , back away. If a person tries to get you in the car , turn and run in the opposite direction of the car. Never go off with anyone without permission from your parents.  

    Scream to be seen   

    Yellloud enough to attract attention to yourself and scare the person away. People will help you if they know you are in trouble.  

    Show and tell  

    Run home as fast as you can , to a friend's house , back to school, or to a safe place. Call your parents and tell them what just happened to you.  

    Walk or wait with a friend  

    Walk to tr from school or wait at your school bus stop with a friend and, if possible, an adult approced by your parents.  

    4善于抓住文章各段中语气、结构差不多的词、短语。  

    例如:  

    Modern life is impossible without travel. The fastest way of travel is by plane. With a modern airliner you can travel in one day to places which it took a month or more to get to a hundred years ago.  

    Travel by train is slower than by plane , but it has its advantages . You can see the country you are traveling through. Modern trains have comfortable seats and dining cars. They make even the longest journey enjoyable.  

    Some people prefer to travel by sea when possible. There are large liners and river boats. You can visit many other countries and different places. Ships are not so fast as trains or planes, but travel by sea is a very pleasant way to spend a holiday.  

    Many people like to travel by car. You can make your own timetable. You can travel three or four hundred miles or only fifty or one hundred milis a day, just as you like. You can stop  wherever you wish-----where there is something interesting to see, at a good restaurant where you can enjoy a good meal, or at a hotel to spend the night. That is why traveling by car is popular for pleasure trips. while people usually take a train or plane when they teavel on business.  

    3、如何找句子之间的逻辑联系?  

    1善于抓住句中指示逻辑联系的连词、副词,来判断句子间的逻辑联系。如,and\because\so\since\but\not only\but also\though\although,  also\then\however\though\therefore\等等。  

    2有时文章中没有指示逻辑联系的连词、副词,我们可以尝试着能否加入这样的词。  

    4、如何理解长句?  

    英语句子结构可以借助各种连接手段加以扩展和组合成复杂的长句子,这样就为阅读带来了障碍,  

    1分析单句的结构。就是找出句子的主干(主语、谓语、宾语等等),即句子成分。  

    2分析复句的结构。就是分析出句子的类型,是简单句、并列句还是复合句,如果是复合句就要分析哪是宾语从句、哪是定语从句、哪是状语从句、哪是主语从句等等。  

    3分析短语词组的构成。  

    理清句子的主干,借助上下文理解各个句子成分之间修饰与被修饰的关系以及句中代词所指代的对象,这样基本就可以理解一个长句子的意思。  

    I wondered what the man who was in red was doing when I got up this morning.  

    I wondered~~~是句子的主干,what the man who was in red was doing when I got up this morning.是.wondered的宾语,what the man was doing是宾语从句的主干,who was in red是定语从句,用来修饰the man,when I got up this morning是状语从句,用来修饰谓语动词was doing。  

    5、如何分析代词指代的内容?  

    1代词常常指代上文出现的人、物或事,因此在代词的前面去找它所指代的内容。  

    2it常常做了形式主语、形式宾语,因此it所指代的内容在它的后面。  

    6、充分利用同位语、冒号及破折号的暗示作用。  

    7、猜词技巧。  

    可以根据上下文猜词、短语、句子的含义。通过同位语、定语从句等说明性的词语猜测词义。也可以通过语言材料中的上下文、英语国家的文化、以及人们日常生活中众所周知的事来推测含义。  

    可以根据词、短语、句子内部结构来猜他们的含义。可以根据构词法猜词义;可以根据词义的本义来猜词的比喻义、引申义;可以利用词的兼词类的知识根据已学的词性意义猜其他词性的意义。  

    就短语、句子而言,由于他们由单词构成的,所以可以分析单词组合的基本意义,来猜短语、句子的意义。  

    8、用写作的思维来做阅读题。  

    在做阅读题时,有时两个选项干扰性比较大,如果考虑到作者的写作意图,或者细节应该围绕着中心来写,这样的难题常常会迎刃而解。  

    9、标题题、大意题的技巧。  

    1逐段进行概括,或寻找key sentence及写作意图。  

    2逐个分析选项,试一试自己写这个选项的文章应该怎样写,然后和文章的内容进行比较,看哪一个更合适,从而确定正确的答案。  

    10、对话体裁的阅读文章的技巧。这类的文章,学生往往比较怕,因为故事情节需要自己去理。我们可以从以下四个方面来突破:  

    1对话体裁的阅读文章类似于口语,常常出现省略,因此很有必要把省略部分给补充完整。  

    2要明确代词的指代内容。  

    3要弄清说每句话的人是谁,并要理清故事的发展情节。  

    4要注意有时把一整句话放在两个引号单位里面,我们要有突破引号的界限,去理解句子习惯。  

    11、短语、句型的阅读技巧。这种阅读技巧有利于提高阅读速度;有利于把握句子的主干,从而降低难度。  

    例如:  

    I often saw some people who wore beautiful clothes pass by here. 如果抓住了短语see sb do,这个句子就很简单了。    

    参考书目:郑道俊主编的《英语教学新方法探究》





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    评论

  • 这里的文章不错,值得看
    回复免费虚拟主机说:
    谢谢!
    2009-07-04 20:05:00
  • 个人觉得多读多做练习,阅读理解应该很容易
    回复创意礼物说:
    个人的都应该找到适合自己的方法
    2009-07-04 20:11:38